The Industrial Heartland free essay sample

# 8211 ; Megalopolis Essay, Research Paper The Industrial Heartland # 8211 ; Megalopolis There are fundamentally seven factors that must be met before an industry can get down to take topographic point in a peculiar country. Those seven factors are: natural stuffs, transit, energy, markets, labor, capital, and authorities. The Industrial Heartland is about like one large industry, connected in a huge megalopolis. I? ll be taking a closer expression at these factors and the manner this country meets the locational factors. The Industrial Heartland is an country that includes: Quebec, Ontario, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Connecticut, Wisconsin, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Maryland, Washington DC, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Delaware, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Natural Materials ( ex. Fe ore, coal, limestone etc. ) is an unrefined stuff used as the base for primary industry. The Industrial Heartland has many different excavation sites throughout it. ( ex-the Ni mine in Ontario, mines in Pittsburgh, Gary, Baltimore, Hamilton, Sault Ste. We will write a custom essay sample on The Industrial Heartland or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Marie # 8230 ; .etc. ) Transportation system is highly of import in this country. Most mines and Millss are located by waterways to do transit readily available for it? s conveyance? s. Coal, limestone, and many other sorts of mines use the Great Lakes to transport, which happens to be in the center of the Industrial Heartland. They normally have dozenss of stuff to travel so H2O transit can carry tonss of stuff, it? s cheap, but it? s besides slow. Another of import path in this part is the St. Lawrence Seaway, which was an important factor in the determination of industries to turn up in this part. Other chief waterways in this part are: Ohio River, Mississippi River, New York State Barge Canal System, New York Harbour, Philadelphia Harbour, and Baltimore Harbour. There is besides Railway to see for transit. They can about travel anyplace in this part, but they are more expensive than Waterway conveyance, and non every bit adaptable as trucks. Truck trucking is considered the best for most of the conveyance. Though the cost of fuel has increased over the old ages, trucks are still the chief bearer of lading. Energy, is one of the most, if non the most of import factor for industries. Every industry demands power, energy. Some beginnings of energy are: Hydroelectricity, Thermal electric, natural gas, lt ;< p>and coal. Hydroelectricity is a good pick for energy for place demands, but for industry, they need enormous sums of energy. To run into the demands of an industries power, the industry would hold to turn up near the hydroelectric works, and there is merely merely non plenty hydroelectric sites. Thermal electricity is a normally used power beginning for industry. It? s convenient for the industry. Markets refer to merchandise, selling of goods to consumers. The Industrial Heartland offers many topographic points for markets, as it has a big population, hence, demand. So, an industry stopping point to the demand wouldn? Ts have to transport that much. Normally if their is high petition for an point, the maker would put monetary values higher to hold on excess transit costs. Labour-The Industrial Heartland would be an ideal topographic point to turn up, as it has a really high population, therefore havingmany people, and workers looking for occupations. Many people live, locate to the Industrial Heartland to happen occupations. There is a widespread of occupations in the industrial heartland-many different businesss are found at that place. Capital is the hard currency flow, equipment, and edifices of/needed by a certain industry. Obviously, to put up an industry you need a capital. It? s like the get downing money of the business/industry. Stockss are normally bought by consumers, so an industry can raise it? s capital ( stock-share in a company ) . Bond issues and bank loans are merely some of the other ways industries start up. Government-Municipal, provincial, and federal authorities are concerned with the industry. Government encourages industry, for the growing of the part. The occupation of each portion of the authorities is as follows: municipal-choose land for the industry ( make sure it? s suited ) , provide cloacas, roads, electrical lines, schools, wellness attention, and constabulary protection. Provincial-sets rules/regulations, so on, for the industry to obide by. Provide energy, employee-training, enforce labor Torahs, safety criterions, A ; working conditions. Federal-provides passenger car and facilities-finances the building of main roads, seaports and airdromes, and enforces duty. The Industrial Heartland meets all it? s locational factors, and provides many occupations for people in the part. I think transit, markets, and population of this part has greatly contributed to the sum of industry within it.

Free Essays on Effects Of Photography On Painting

In the 19th century, photography was considered to be the end of painting. Not only did the camera quickly become a painters tool, but it can be argued that the invention of journalistic and moving picture photography freed painting from the need to produce strict academic images of historical events and places and helped allow Impressionism and Modern Art to occur. By examining the history of photography to the present state of modern art we can cleary see how both have effected and forced the progression of each other. Highlighting such movements as the The Renaisance period and the use of the Camera Obscura, The Industrail Revolution, The Impressionists, and will help to better understand these effects. Camera obsura and early influences With the invention of the camera obscura in the sixteenth century and the invention of the photographic process in the nineteenth, traditional patterns of visual perception and pictorial expression underwent dramatic transformations. The American scholar and critic, Van Deren Coke, has in fact suggested that artists "begin to see the world through the lens and not so much through their eyes," adding that "the single lens does things to space, does things to the artist's perception." (1) The influence of photography on painting came about through such activities as the actual operation of a camera, the developing of prints, the making of composite photographs, and the painting of photographs. All these activities, singly or in combination, had sometimes profound effects on painters, giving them new compositional concepts, making them aware of photographic tonality, encouraging overall rendition of detail, and prompting a move away from painterly principles of spatial relationships.... Free Essays on Effects Of Photography On Painting Free Essays on Effects Of Photography On Painting In the 19th century, photography was considered to be the end of painting. Not only did the camera quickly become a painters tool, but it can be argued that the invention of journalistic and moving picture photography freed painting from the need to produce strict academic images of historical events and places and helped allow Impressionism and Modern Art to occur. By examining the history of photography to the present state of modern art we can cleary see how both have effected and forced the progression of each other. Highlighting such movements as the The Renaisance period and the use of the Camera Obscura, The Industrail Revolution, The Impressionists, and will help to better understand these effects. Camera obsura and early influences With the invention of the camera obscura in the sixteenth century and the invention of the photographic process in the nineteenth, traditional patterns of visual perception and pictorial expression underwent dramatic transformations. The American scholar and critic, Van Deren Coke, has in fact suggested that artists "begin to see the world through the lens and not so much through their eyes," adding that "the single lens does things to space, does things to the artist's perception." (1) The influence of photography on painting came about through such activities as the actual operation of a camera, the developing of prints, the making of composite photographs, and the painting of photographs. All these activities, singly or in combination, had sometimes profound effects on painters, giving them new compositional concepts, making them aware of photographic tonality, encouraging overall rendition of detail, and prompting a move away from painterly principles of spatial relationships....

Materila Failure and Embodied Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Materila Failure and Embodied Energy - Essay Example Source: Embodied energy in house construction, Energy Efficiency, 2006 Embodied Energy There are 18 criteria laid out in the Green Book that form the basis of ways to reduce carbon emissions. This book serves an effective control in helping construction companies identify the materials that have a high percentage of embodied energy contained in them. This helps in constructing the buildings with low carbon content hence lower embodied energy. Embodied energy can be defined as the total amount of energy that is required to construct buildings using materials like cement, aluminium and steel. Total energy that is defined in this context means the sum total of all energy that would be required to build the material, transport it to the site and also the energy that would be used in construction purpose. (Lucuik Mark, 2007) To elaborate further a company engaged in construction activities in Kuwait might source these construction bricks from China. Therefore the embodied energy of this b rick would include the energy used in brick construction in China, transportation energy from China to Kuwait and ultimately the energy used to lay the brick and constructing it in Kuwait. It would also involve the additional energy that would be further required to process the bricks at the site to enable it in laying. Thus all the energy that is used in machines engaged in excavation and shoring out raw materials, to the energy that is required by the human personnel in construction of the building at site go into the summation of energy of the product which is defined as its embodied energy. (Lane Thomas, 2010) Source: Embodied environmental effects results comparisons: single family home, Lucuik mark, 2007 Source: Embodied environmental effects results comparisons: high rise, Lucuik mark, 2007 Measure of Embodied Carbon There are a number of tools that are available in the market which enables one to assess the percentage of embodied carbon in different buildings. Sturgis Associ ates use a tool lnown as RICS to gauge the embodied carbon of different types of buildings engaged in operations of different nature like store house, work shop facility and supermarkets. The embodied carbon content of a storage warehouse exists in the range of 60% while a supermarket which is always lit up with snazzy lights to attract customers has an embodied carbon of 20%. A normal household is a mix of these two types of buildings and has an embodied carbon content of 30%. Another factor that defines the calculations used in RICS includes the life cycle or the total life of the building. These may vary from 25 to 80 years. (Lane Thomas, 2010) Therefore apart from the kind of construction, the total life span of the building structure all go into accounting the embodied carbon efficiency of materials. Measuring the carbon footprint of a building is a twofold process. It involves calculating the energy that is required in constructing the building and also adding the embodied ene rgy of the materials that are replaced over a period of time during the building lifecycle. Apart from the RICS there are a number of software’s available in the market capable of predicting the embodied energy of the construction materials used in buildings. Apart from this energy the operating energy that would also go into the

Social Therapeutic Work Practices Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Therapeutic Work Practices - Article Example The therapist will have to extend his assessment to describe the client’s inherent reaction to environmental and social conditions that frequently spark violent responses. Therapists dealing with African American youths should transform some of the symbols and rites used in clandestine and corrupt ways into Microsystems that instill therapeutic change. Urban adolescents that engage in illegal behaviors value the symbols and ceremonies since they induce a sense of security and support (Toldson & Toldson, 1999, p. 77). The symbols and rites can thus be helpful in showing clients that they will still benefit when they change. It is also important to use the African-centered instructional material. The therapists should thus establish secret codes, phrases, symbols, and rites of passage that closely resemble those of West Africa. The incorporation of these elements will help the clients to appreciate greatly and understand group processes and improve the compatibility of the processes with African ethos. Dealing with Africa American clients requires prompting of initiative behaviors within the group. As such, therapists should interweave typical therapeutic factors (such as the installation of universality, hope, imparting information, and altruism) with esoteric group therapy. The process of attaining the factors within some cultural groups should involve cultural awareness. When working with clients from an individual culture, group therapy alone will not be enough. It is important to incorporate the traditional group therapy with conceptions and perspectives from that particular culture.

What Is The CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model) And Of What Practical Essay - 1

What Is The CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model) And Of What Practical Use Is It - Essay Example When the expected return of a security is determined using the model then it can be compared to the estimated return of security over a given time period. Such comparison will help the investor to analyse whether it is worthwhile investing into the security. CAPM was first conceptualised and pioneered by William Sharpe, Jack Treynor, Jan Mossin and John Lintner through their independent works (Focardi and Fabozzi, 2004, pp.86-87). The Capital Asset Pricing Model The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is popularly used to price individual portfolio securities. The CAPM helps to determine the expected rate of return for an asset relative to market risk. Using the CAPM model an investor can eliminate the unsystematic risk through proper diversification by estimating the required rate of return for a given level of non-diversifiable or market risk. The practical application of the model is that the individual investor will be able to modify their investment portfolio according to their r isk taking behaviour. The model also helps the individuals to analyse the risk-return profile in the portfolio (Gallagher and Andrew, 2007, pp.173-175). Assumptions of CAPM Investors are risk averse and rational No single investor can influence security prices No transaction cost or taxes Investors have access to all information at same time Expectation of the investors is homogeneous Mathematical Formula For individual assets, the relation between systematic risk and expected return can be estimated using the Security Market Line (SML). The significance of SML is that it can help the investor to calculate the risk-to-reward ratio for a given security relative to market. (Source: Financial Planning Body of Knowledge, 2010) The market risk-reward ratio is also known as the market risk premium. The systematic risk can be estimated using the Beta factor (?). Beta measures the sensitivity of excess expected return of security to the excess market return. Mathematically, ? = Covariance ( Ri, Rm) / Variance (Rm) Excess market return or Risk Premium = E (Rm) – Rf CAPM = Rf + ? x [E (Rm) – Rf] Where, Rf = Risk-free return Ri = Security Return Rm = Market Return Market Portfolio and Efficient Frontier The concept of CAPM encourages an investor to invest a portion of his or her wealth in risky asset and the remaining portion into risk-free asset. The proportion of asset allocation between risky and risk-free asset depends on the behaviour of the investor. According to this model, a rational investor will prefer maximum return for given risk or minimum risk for given return. The optimum portfolio is a combination of securities which yields maximum returns for lowest risk or volatility. The total portfolio risk can be measured and compared to market risk using beta. The optimum portfolio is derived from the efficient frontier curve that gives the relation between portfolio risk and return. The combination of securities that is formed at the tangency of indivi dual assets and the capital Allocation line (CAL) is called the optimal portfolio (Khan and Jain, 2007, p.16). (Source: krotscheck.net, 2008) The Significance of Beta Factor Beta indicates the stock volatility relative to a benchmark or market. The benchmark can be international index like S&P

Benefits of Regular Exercise for the Elderly

Benefits of Regular Exercise for the Elderly The benefits of regular exercise are numerous. Through multiple clinical trials, man has been able to deduce how exercise benefits the body and prolongs life. It reduces the probability of cardiovascular disease a leading killer disease in some countries in the developed world. It also helps keep obesity at bay and enables people across the age divide to maintain flexibility and independence over their lives. Exercise is also beneficial for mental well being in that it reduces the risk of getting depression. Many people have taken the prerogative to enroll in some sort of exercise programme. Due to lack of adequate information, not all individuals who partake in regular exercise are able to glean maximum benefits from their training programme. Time spent during exercise is an important factor. However, it is not the determining factor when it comes to how much an individual will benefit from the physical activity. Nutrition is an essential component of any exercise programme. This article aims at empowering the reader with information on how to maximize benefits from an exercise programme. PROVEN BENEFITS OF EXERCISE. Exercise prolongs life. People who engage in moderate to difficult exercise routines elongate their lifespan by one to four years (Jonker 2006: Franco 2005). Exercise also adds value to those additional years. Through health benefits to the lungs, heart and muscle, exercise ensures that a person not only lives long but is still productive in those extra years. Aging is a natural process of life. With time, the health of an individual deteriorates. This increases the risk of developing chronic health conditions. The good news is that regular exercise such as walking 3 hours per week can ward off the onset of some of these chronic health conditions (Chakravathy 2002). Exercise enables a person to have a better outlook of themselves, elevates self esteem and reduces the risk of getting depression (Elvasky 2005: Schetchman 2001). In recent years chronic non communicable diseases have formed a substantial portion of the disease burden in the world. In people with conditions such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, stroke, myasthenia gravis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, exercise improves the standard of life (Stout 2001: Rochester 2003). Regular exercise spells out more benefits when it comes to metabolism of sugar in the body. It enhances plasma glucose control, can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes and if one develops the disease, it reduces the risk of death from complications in the cardiovascular system(Golden 2004: Virtartaite 2004: babyak 2001: Suh 2002: Church 2004: Short 2003: American Diabetes association 2003: McFarln 2004. Menopause results in decreased bone density. This is because of reduced estrogen levels in the body. Estrogen is bone protective. Post menopausal women are thus at higher risk of fractures because of weak bones. The fractures are more common at the hip joint and the femoral bone. Exercise has been shown to increase bone thickness and hence stronger bones in women of this age group (Cussler 2005: Kerr 2001). Osteoarthritis is a common skeletal disease that comes with advanced age. It affects joints in the body. Weight training and aerobics exercise has been shown to enhance balance in older people with knee osteoarthritis (Messier 2000). Exercise is not only for the adults. Exercise during childhood and teenage years ensure stronger bones later in life. Exercise during pregnancy is a healthy habit. Through it, an expectant mother is able to influence the size of her infant (Clapp 2003). METABOLISM, GETTING THE ENERGY WE NEED. Various metabolic processes interplay to ensure that body functions are maintained at optimum. These metabolic processes are affected by exercise. Once food is ingested, it undergoes digestion in the alimentary canal. With the aid of enzymes, the food is broken down into its basic components which are glucose, lipids and amino acids. Energy in the body is derived primarily from glucose. In the absence of glucose, fat is the alternative for energy production. Proteins derived from muscle mass are the least favored option when it comes to energy production. Breakdown of proteins requires a lot of energy. Ammonia is a byproduct of protein breakdown and it has harmful effects on health. In the setting of protein breakdown, damage to body organs and systems is inevitable. It also impairs the effectiveness of an exercise programme. Energy in the body is produced in the form of ATP. ATP production occurs in the mitochondria which are found within body cells. ATP is utilized in the body in various ways. It provides the energy required to power every energy consuming process in the body. It is also essential body building. It provides the energy required for repair of tissues and growth. Cleaving of a phosphate molecule from ATP to form ADP is the chemical reaction that releases energy. Nutrition and exercise are thus closely related. The role of nutrition is to provide enough energy to the muscles during the exercise and recovery period. It is important to know how muscles utilize energy during exercise. ATP is the first line energy source for muscles during contraction. However the amount of ATP stored in the muscle at any given moment is only adequate for one contraction. During exercise, rapid synthesis of ATP is therefore necessary to sustain the additional contractions. Creatinine phosphate is a molecule stored in muscle that facilitates the synthesis of ATP. This too has its limitations. This is because the stores of creatinine phosphate in muscle are also quickly depleted. Breakdown of glucose is responsible for replacing the depleted ATP and creatinine phosphate stores. A maximum yield of ATP is found when glucose is broken down In the presence of oxygen. This is called anaerobic metabolism. When oxygen is inadequate during glucose breakdown, lactic acid is formed. When the lactic acid builds up in muscle, it produces a burning sensation. The latter type of glucose breakdown is known as anaerobic metabolism and is common in exercises that are characterized by short bursts of activity. If glucose is depleted in the course of exercise, the body utilizes fat and proteins as alternative sources of energy. After exercise, the body will need to replenish the ATP stores in the muscles. This is an activity with high oxygen consumption. As mentioned earlier, anaerobic exercises are characterized by short bouts of activity. They are intense in nature and performed over a short period of time. They employ use of weights and are used primarily to build muscle bulk and strengthen muscles (Annianson 1981). Aerobic exercises are utilized in endurance training. These types of exercises are characterized by sustained low level muscle activity. One of the primary benefits of endurance training is weight loss. It also confers cardio protective benefits. Aerobic and anaerobic exercises can be carried out simultaneously. This widens the benefits an individual can glean i.e. one is able to lose weight and at the same time build up the muscle bulk. This is known as interval training (Martini 1995). MUSCLES AND AGING. With age, the muscle bulk reduces and muscles progressively weaken. This process is independent of lifestyle and exercise regimes (Brosss 1999). The elasticity of the muscles diminishes with time and they become more prone to injuries (Bross 1999: Braumgartner 1998). Their regeneration potential also decreases and repairs take longer. However age should not be a contraindication for exercise. Strength can be restored to weakened muscles through strength training (Anianson 1981: Frontera 1992). With advancing age, exercise helps keep weight in check and thus wards of diseases such as diabetes. It is advisable for the elderly to engage in activities that are not strenuous (Martini 1995). WHAT I HAVE LEARNED SO FAR. Benefits of exercise include weight control, prolonged life and mental well being. Metabolism is the process by which food is broken down to produce energy. Muscles utilize ATP for energy during contraction. Endurance exercises are cardio protective and result in weight loss while anaerobic exercises are utilized in building up the muscle bulk. TESTESTRONE REPLACEMENT. Andropause is the equivalent of menopause in women. It refers to the gradual decline of testosterone levels in men that occurs with age. Generally, 40-50% of men have low levels of testosterone by age 70 (Anawalt 2000). Symptoms experienced include decline in libido, heart disease and loss of bone and muscle. Growth hormone levels decline concurrently with those of testosterone (Karakelides 2005). Supplementing growth hormone and testosterone to enhance exercise looks like a viable option. However studies that have focused on this issue have found data that is insufficient to support this practice (Anawalt 2000). The risk of hormone dependent cancers is higher in the elderly and therefore any supplementation of testosterone should be approached with caution. Hormone replacement therapy if needed should thus be carried out under the watchful eye of a qualified physician. EXERCISE ENHANCING SUPPLEMENTS. Various supplements enhance muscle function. They include; Carnitine: this is an amino acid that aids in transport of fat into the mitochondria where it is broken down for energy production. Exercise capacity is enhanced when patients with kidney diseases or artery disease are given carnitine supplements (Baker 2001: Brass 1998). Carnosine: carnosine is present in muscle. Concentration of carnosine in muscle is highest during exercise (Suzuki 2002). Exercise is associated with formation of free radicals from the oxygen utilizing processes that take place (Yang 2000: Boldyrev 1997: Yneva 1999: Nagasawa 1999). Carnosine destroys the free radicals and prevents them from oxidizing body cells. It also protects proteins by inhibiting cross linking (Hipkiss 1997: Munch 1995). During strenuous exercise, carnosine also acts as a PH buffer thus protecting muscle from oxidation (Burcham 2000). Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10): this is an essential enzyme that is utilized in the process of converting food into energy. It is located in the mitochondria. Oxidation processes take place continuously in the mitochondria. This results in the depletion of CoQ10 enzyme (Lonrot 1995: Dimeo 2001: Geneva 2004). Dysfunction of mitochondria coupled with depletion of CQ10 is thought to be an important causative factor in the development of age related diseases (Wallace 2009). This also results in production of less energy and increased synthesis of oxygen radicals (Choski 2007). The radicals further damage the mitochondria resulting in a vicious cycle (Di Lisa 2009). Shilajit: this is an organic substance harvested from biomass in the Himalayas (Schepetkin 2009: Goel 1990). It is famously utilized by ayurvedic practioners. It protects the body from illness and stress by acting as an adptogen. Advance in science has shown that it contains humic substances that enhance the flow of energy within the mitochondria (Agarwal 2007). A study conducted showed that shilajit decreased the rate of ATP decline in heart, brain and muscle tissue when given to rats that had been subjected to strenuous activity (Bhattacharyya 2009. The rate of depletion of CoQ10 was also slowed. When administered together, shilajat and CQ10 were found to have a synergistic effect. Shilajit contains two primary components that are essential for its function. These are fulvic acid and dibenzo-a-pyrones (DBPs). On its own, fulvic acid can initiate energy production in the mitochondria. It also prevents the oxidative damage to the mitochondria and transports DPBs into the mitochondria to aid in reactions that produce ATP(Piotrowska 2000; Ghosal 2006). When the mice were given oral CoQ10 supplements in isolation, there was increase in the levels of the enzyme in heart, liver and kidney tissues (Bhattacharyya 2009). However, when DBPs were supplemented concurrently with the CoQ10, the liver stores increased by 29% (Bhattacharyya 2009). Shilajit preserves ATP in the body. By ensuring that CoQ10 in the body is utilized maximally, it improves exercise performance. This was demonstrated in a recent study. People who took 200mg of Shilajit daily for 15 days had higher levels of ATP in the blood after exercise and the fitness score improved by 15%. Creatine: supplementing creatinine is beneficial. It increases both the lean mass and strength of the muscles (Nissen 2003; Kreider2003; Gotshalk 2002). ATP production requires phosphate molecules. Creatine acts as a donor of phosphate and thus enhances ATP production. In the setting of anaerobic glycolysis, creatine delays build up of lactic acid in the muscles. Muscle is not the only body tissue that benefits from creatine supplementation. Studies have shown that creatine is of benefit in patients with neurological degenerative disorders and it enhances memory in the elderly (Wyss 2002; Beal 2003; Tarnopolsky 2001; Matthews 1998; Tabrizi 2003; Laakso 2003; Yeo 2000; Valenzuela 2003; Watanabe 2002; Rae 2003). Branched amino acids: the basic building blocks of proteins are amino acids. There are two types of amino acids. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in the body and are only sourced from the diet. Non essential amino acids are those that the body can synthesis. Leucine and isoleucine are examples of branched essential amino acids that have been shown to enhance performance and prevent breakdown of muscle during endurance exercise (Workman 2002; Shimomura 2006; Ohtani 2006). Unlike carbohydrates supplements, amino acid supplements have been shown to increase muscle strength in the elderly (Scognamiglio 2004). Glutamine: glutamine is an amino acid that is present in abundant amounts in the healthy body. Prolonged exercise, surgery or infection can decreases the levels of glutamine in the body. There is an increase risk of developing respiratory infections in athletes who engage in strenuous activity. This has been linked to reduced glutamine levels in the body as a result of the exercise (Castell 2002; Parry-Billings 1990). Supplementing glutamine in marathon runners had the effect of reducing respiratory infections (Castell 1996). When used in combination with glycine and L-cysteine, glutathione helps enhance synthesis of glutathione which functions as an antioxidant in the body (Rennie 1998). When levels of glutathione are low in the body, muscle tissue is broken down to supply glutathione. Supplementing glutathione will bar this from happening (Antonio 2002; Hankard 1996). Metabolic whey protein: protein supplementation has been a popular practice among athletes and fitness enthusiasts. Exercise may deplete body energy stores. Protein supplementation will therefore provide an alternative source of energy and prevent muscle breakdown. Mechanical muscle function was found to be greater in patients who had protein supplementation compared to those who had carbohydrate supplementation (Andersen 2005). Plant protein: vegetable protein is an important source of proteins for vegetarians. With advancing age, blood vessels tend to lose their elasticity and hence their ability to dilate. Pea protein contains arginine which is used in synthesis of nitric oxide. This is a compound that is essential for dilation and relaxation of blood vessels (Zhou 2001).l. Contrary to common belief some vegetables contain higher amounts of protein when compared to animal based sources of protein. Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC): muscle contraction is mediated by the nervous system. Information from the neural circuit is relayed to the muscle at the neuromuscular junction. Acetylcholine is the chemical mediator at this junction that relays this information. During exercise, PPC maintains plasma levels of choline which is a raw product used in the synthesis of acetyl choline (Buchman 2000). This ensures that there is continuous flow of electric information from the nerves to the muscles. Vitamin D: it is common knowledge that vitamin D is essential for proper bone health. It has recently come to attention that it is also important for muscle health. Vitamin D helps maintain muscle bulk by preventing shrinking of muscle fibers. Research has shown that adequate vitamin D intake reduces the risk of osteoporosis and muscle atrophy in the long run (Montero-Odasso 2005). D-ribose: D ribose is a molecule that is utilized during synthesis of ATP. Physical fatigue as a result of exercise is one of the chief reasons that puts off people from exercising (Annesi,  2005). During strenuous exercise, ATP levels in muscle can drop by up to 20% and it can take up to 72 hours for the muscles to replenish the ATP stores (Hellsten-Westing 1993; Stathis 1994). After exercise, many individuals feel spent. This has been linked to release of products of ATP break down into blood (Hellsten 1999). D-ribose will ensure that ATP levels in muscle are at optimum (Tullson 1988; Zarzeczny 2001). This will result in less fatigue after exercise and a person can happily look forward to the next exercise lesson. Exercise becomes an enjoyable activity instead of the drag many people have come to associate it with. D-ribose supplementation increases ATP stores in the muscle by up to four fold. This provides adequate reserve that can be utilized if need arises (Tullson 1991). D-ri bose also enhances recycling of the products of ATP breakdown. This enhances the speed of ATP synthesis (Zarzeczny 2001; Brault 2001). Muscles that are fatigued take longer to replenish ATP compared to well rested muscles (Hellsten-Westing 1993).. In 2004, a study showed that D- ribose accelerated the rate of recovery of ATP in muscle among sprinters (Hellsten2004). The following protocols may also be of interest. Obesity and weight loss. Trauma and wound healing. Male hormone restoration. Female hormone restoration. LIFE EXTENSION SUGGESTIONS. Creatine: 2 – 5 g daily Carnitine: 1000 – 2000 mg daily Carnosine: 1500 – 3000 mg daily CoQ10 (as ubiquinol): 100 – 300 mg daily Shilajit: 100 – 200 mg daily Branched-chain amino acids: containing at least 1200 mg L-leucine, 600 mg L-isoleucine, and 600 mg L-valine Glutamine: 500 – 1000 mg daily Whey protein: consider taking 20 – 80 g whey protein daily. It is most important to consume whey protein before and immediately after your exercise session to make sure adequate protein is available to depleted muscles. Plant Protein: 18 g protein from a blend of plants including pea Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC): 900 – 1800 mg Vitamin D: 5000 – 8000 IU daily; depending upon blood levels of 25-OH-vitamin D D-ribose: 5 g, 1 – 3 times daily with food Also, the following blood tests may provide helpful information Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxy Female Comprehensive Hormone Panel Male Comprehensive Hormone Panel Creatine Kinase DISCLAIMER. information contained in this article does not intend to disregard advice rendered to individuals by qualified clinicians. Before commencing on any diet or exercise programme, a person should seek professional advice from a qualified healthcare professional. The protocols described in this article are for adults only. Before use of any supplement, a person should familiarize themselves with the product information provided by the manufacturer. This information pertains to the dose, administration and contraindications. The authors and publishers of this article are not liable to injury or damage a person may endure after use of information contained herein.

The Role of Foreshadowing in the Prologue of Harry Mulischs The Assaul

The prologue of a novel plays a crucial role in introducing the setting of the story. The prologue also sets the tone of the tale and can sometimes hide vital information from the reader. The art of foreshadowing is often used in the prologue, and after reading through the story, reverting back to the prologue can help connect the many themes and motifs that are prevalent throughout the narrative. A high-quality example of a prose with a prologue that is riddled with underlying foreshadowing is The Assault, by Harry Mulisch. By analyzing a single passage of the prologue and comparing it with other small potions of the text, the foretelling of events in the prologue of The Assault by Harry Mulisch can easily be related to how Anton believed the killing of his family was a simple affair, when in reality, it was a more complicated incident than Anton could have fathomed. During the prologue, the narrator spoke of when Anton used to hang out near the canal. It was at this point when Anton was ?lying on the grassy bank and staring in to the distance? that a numerous amount of foreshadowing occurred (Mulisch 5). The last thirteen lines of the prologue in The Assault, when the motorboat created a ripple effect, corresponded to how complicated the killing of Anton?s family really was. Anton saw the motorboat do the following: Pitching, their prows would tear the water into a V shape that spread until it reached both sides of the canal. There the water would suddenly begin to lap up and down, even though the boat was already far away. Then the waves bounced back and formed an inverted V, which interfered with the original V, reached the opposite shore transformed, and bounced back again-until all across the water a complicated ... ...d and left. Mulisch?s use of foreshadowing in the prologue allayed to how the rest of the novel would play out. His hints gave a broad scope of how that fateful night seemed so simple, yet the underlying complexities led it to be a burden upon many people. The parallelism of the waves created by the motorboat and the cause and effect relationship of the night when Anton?s family was killed was prevalent throughout the novel. What Anton thought was a night that only affected him, in actuality affected many different people throughout the story. By reverting back to the prologue after the novel has been made and making connections throughout the book, the foreshadowing that Harry Mulisch used was clearly present. By analyzing a short and seemingly simple, yet deeply insightful, passage of the prologue, The Assault by Harry Mulisch can be understood at a higher level.

Psychoanalysis and The Wizard of Oz Essay

Analyzing â€Å"The Wizard of Oz†: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory and Theory of the Personality vs. Klein’s Object Relations and Play Technique Theory Psychoanalysis paved the way for infinite discoveries of the human mind. It has been attributed as the â€Å"mental science†Ã¢â‚¬â€a scientific way of locating and interpreting the (un)natural behavior of a person which greatly affects him or her. The psychoanalytic theory has always been very controversial since it introduces very unconventional ways of treating the mind. Although there are a lot of psychologists who have influenced the field of psychoanalysis, none can compare to the contributions of Sigmund Freud and his contentious theories. Sigmund Freud is most famous for his Theory of Personality that talks about the id, ego, and superego and the psychosexual interpretations that goes with it. Another important person to note is Melanie Klein who hypothesized her own theories that focus more on the mentality and behavior of a child and his or her relationship with the things and people around him or her. According to Mitchel and Black (1995), Melanie Klein made such a tremendous impact in the field of psychoanalysis that there is no another person aside from Sigmund Freud himself who can be appreciated for her contribution with regard to the field of psychoanalysis. Although Klein was influenced by Freud’s theories and patterned her theories after his, her own hypotheses are very much different from Freud’s. While Freud reinforced the idea that personalities of individuals are more likely connected to certain psychosexual gratifications (or dissatisfaction in many cases according to him), Klein more or less centered on the idea that individuals behave according to the experiences they had as a child, the kind of play acting they did, and the things that they played with. In fact, Klein focused more on â€Å"reading† a child by the artworks and play acting that he or she does. One thing that could be seen as similar in their works is the fact that both consider dreams as very important tools in â€Å"reading† a person and identifying his or her mental situation. Freud stipulated that dreams are very important since they involve thoughts that are unconscious to the person. Moreover, these dreams can also be traced to certain experiences that the person had as a child (Mitchel & Black, 1995). Klein herself believed in such theory, but Freud believed more in the psychosexual aspect of things concerning the human mind and the human behavior. In the setting of school education, most especially with the area of guidance and counseling, these two personalities and their theories are greatly used in interpreting children’s manners and their conduct. Counselors would use artworks as a way to delve deeply into what a child is thinking and what are the reasons for his or her certain behavior. Images, colors, signs, and symbols may seem so simplistic when they are looked at their surface interpretations, but psychoanalysis provides latent meanings to what could have been depicted as something so simple and mundane. In literature, there is such an approach called the Psychological Approach in which certain psychoanalytic theories are used to interpret a certain body of work. The intricate details are seen as symbols that contain very important meanings. Such perspective can be used in trying to analyze the ideas that Freud and Klein presented through their theories by comparing and contrasting certain elements of the 1939 movie version of The Wizard of Oz. The Wizard of Oz is a classic children’s literature that was written by L. Frank Baum in 1900 and has been hailed as a beloved masterpiece by many. The original work of Baum is very much different from the movie, but it is the movie which has been retained and appreciated by the general public. The characters, settings, certain elements, and scenes are depicted as marvelous by many—a fine example would be the appearance of the ruby slippers of Dorothy (which is in fact colored as silver in the original work as what was expressed by Tim Dirks in his review of The Wizard of Oz) that she can click together to transport her from one place to another. The plot is very simple yet meaningful. Dorothy, a nine-year old girl from a little farm in Kansas, goes on a long journey with her dog Toto, the Tin man, the Cowardly Lion, and the Scarecrow to find the Wizard of Oz in the Emerald City and fulfill their individual wishes (Dorothy wants to go home to Kansas, the Lion wishes to have courage, the Tin man desires to have a heart, and the Scarecrow thinks he needs a brain). At the end of the journey, they all realize that the things they are looking have always been with them and under their noses all along. As with many literary works, what makes a person think he or she has achieved the goal is not the resolution of the conclusion but the adventures that the long journey entails. In the end, Dorothy wakes up to find that it was actually just a dream (more or less like when Alice in the Wonderland wakes up to find that all her adventures were just a dream), but the values that she has learned in the journey is very much kept close to her heart. In connection to the psychoanalytic theory, the dream itself may be interpreted already as a somewhat significant aspect of Dorothy’s consciousness. There are many other aspects and elements that can be interpreted as something else if the theories of Freud and Klein would be taken into account. For instance, Dorothy has a very obvious conflict with the Wicked Witch of the West/Miss Almira Gulch over the Ruby Slippers and Toto the dog. During the start of the film, Dorothy was in trouble and in predicament over the vehemence of Miss Almira Gulch over Toto, her dog. Toto accidentally bit Miss Gulch on her leg which enraged the woman. She was so enraged that she had the sheriff write a warrant that would allow her to take Toto away and lock him up. However, Toto has always been the only companion of Dorothy and is the only reason that she laughs. Their farm in Kansas has been characterized as gray and dull and Dorothy has been deemed as the only person with such life and happiness. That reason for happiness is Toto, and Miss Gulch’s insistence that the dog be put away is stripping Dorothy of her happiness. According to Klein, such play things of a child are important and usually mean something more. Dorothy’s play thing may be a dog, but her obvious affection and love for the dog can be traced to the fact that she is yearning for another living thing that could be with her and provide her attention. Her Aunt Emily and Uncle Henry pay more attention to the farm than to their â€Å"adopted† niece, which gives Dorothy the idea that she needs company and does not want to be alone. The gravity of her attachment to Toto is realized in the scene where Miss Gulch arrives and plans on taking Toto away. Dorothy begs for Miss Gulch to reconsider her decision and even states with such self-sacrificial courage that she would replace Toto and be taken away. Miss Gulch is also so insistent that Toto be taken away and she does the task, symbolically stripping Dorothy of her happiness and causes great dissatisfaction on her part. In Freud’s object choice theory, the child readily associates things or people that he or she is surrounded with. The people that the child finds are considered as his or her associates (people that are close to the child or in some cases, the things that matters to him or her) that he or she wants to have affection with and instinct tells him or her that there needs to be a established relationship with that person (or people or things). Dorothy considers her Aunt Emily and Uncle Henry as people that she should connect with and feel some sort of affection, but the two characters do not reciprocate the feelings; instead, Dorothy finds herself drawn to Toto, her dog. Since the dog is her â€Å"maternal† substitute, Dorothy is drawn to make-believe and fantastically daydream which is the whole point of the story of The Wizard of Oz—Dorothy’s dream. Dorothy retreated to her world bringing Toto and play acting, but since the awful truth of reality plays such a big part in her life, the usual â€Å"running away† with Toto does not suffice anymore, and a deeper form of â€Å"running away† takes place and makes her fully leave the world of the farm in Kansas. Dreams as what Freud and Klein believe are very important tools; since Dorothy dreamt that she was in the World of Oz and having such wonderful adventures, she strayed away from reality and got lost in the make-believe world that she has unconsciously created. Another of Freud’s theory comes into place with the mention of the unconscious. The famous iceberg imagery or metaphor of his theory of personality and the id, ego, and superego play a part in Dorothy’s dreaming. The ego is what people perceive as reality and manifests in the physical world; the id is the unconscious which greatly affects and controls our behavior and way of thinking in reality and is considered as irrational since it involves the hidden urges and desires we have that we are not fully aware of; and lastly, the superego is the conscience and is considered as the ethical voice that controls our behavior subconsciously. Dorothy’s dreams may be her way of running away from reality (as what is supposed with regard to Klein’s theory), but it may also be the manifestation of her id (as what is supposed with regard to Freud’s theory). The beginning of the film appears as Dorothy not being welcomed by her Aunt Emily and Uncle Henry; she then resorts to the fantastical notion of the dream—the dream consists of her adventure with the Tin man, Scarecrow, and the Cowardly Lion. Dorothy’s participation may be that of a selfish reason (because she wants to go to Emerald City and find the Wizard of Oz so she can go back to Kansas). But the first part of the adventure (and the beginning of the movie) may be a manifestation of her id, as her wants and demands should be followed. However, as the adventure progresses, she soon realizes the selfishness of her desires and focuses on helping her friends find their own desires. Even if the dream is a manifestation of her id, the ego and superego win over the id. Another thing to point out is the second object of conflict between Dorothy and the Wicked Witch of the West which is the ruby slippers of Dorothy. Firstly, however, it is important to note the existence of the ruby slippers itself. Again, according to Tim Dirks’ review of The Wizard of Oz, the ruby slippers are the beginning of Dorothy’s entrance into female adolescence. Red has always been the archetypal color for passion and blood, and the symbolism behind such color could just mean that Freud’s psychosexual theory can be justified. Going back to the Wicked Witch of the West’s desire to have the ruby slippers, it can mean that the Witch wants to rid Dorothy again of the happiness (as the same character who portrayed Miss Gulch is the Wicked Witch too) that she wants to have because the slippers are her means of returning back to Kansas. From a different perspective however, it could mean the Wicked Witch of the West wants to steal Dorothy’s puberty and youth. There has been many literary works wherein evil witches are in desire of young girls’ youth, vitality, and virginity (as Snow White’s stepmother wants her dead because of her beauty or when Lamia lures Yvaine to steal her youth in the novel Stardust). It can be concluded that the situation may be the typical good versus evil scenario, but if the Witch so badly wants to have power and let evil reign in the Emerald City, why not go after the Wizard of Oz himself (even if he is a fraud)? If Freud was at the actual scene, he may have interpreted the ruby slippers as a symbol of the beginning of Dorothy’s menstruation. If Klein was there, she would have just said that the ruby slippers are another of Dorothy’s play things. The next thing to point out is the extreme conflict between Dorothy and Miss Gulch/Wicked Witch of the West. In Klein’s theory of Depressive Position, when a child hates his or her mother, he or she in effect hates him- herself. It cannot really be said that Miss Gulch/Wicked Witch of the West can be likened to Dorothy’s mother, but the enmity between them is so great that the Witch uses such horrifying threats to Dorothy and Toto. Even if the Witch really wants certain â€Å"valuable† things from Dorothy, the vehemence that the Witch feels for Dorothy is so great that it is certain that an underlying symbolism may be present. In Mitchel and Black’s book, a quotation by Herman Hesse was introduced to Klein’s chapter: â€Å"If you hate a person, you hate something in him that is part of yourself. What isn’t part of ourselves doesn’t disturb us. † This quotation, in all its simplicity, already justifies the claim that Dorothy and Miss Gulch/Wicked Witch of the West hate each other because there is a big part of themselves that they probably see in each other and in turn hates it since they see the mirror of themselves. Both Freud and Klein have a lot of similarities and differences in both their theories and in this paper, both theories have been voiced with the certain elements that were picked in the story. Although there is no claim in which theory is better or which interpretation provides more depth and breadth, it is safe to conclude that each theory is unique and helps in making getting a bigger and better viewpoint of The Wizard of Oz, most especially when used and analyzed together. References Mitchel, S. & Black, M. (1995). Freud And Beyond: A History Of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought. New York: Basic Books Dirks, T. (2009). The Wizard of Oz (1939): Review by Tim Dirks (Review of the movie The Wizard of Oz]. Filmsite. Retrieved March 30, 2009, from http://www. filmsite. org/wiza3. html.

Do you remember your 2014 New Year’s resolutions

Do you remember your 2014 New Year’s resolutions I honestly had forgotten all but two of mine, and only looked at them today because I knew it was time to write my New Year’s â€Å"Ressaylutions† update. In January I promised to report both my wins and my fails for the year in August. Oops. It’s September. That’s my first fail. I completely forgot about my promise to do an August update! I’m a couple of weeks late, but I’m keeping honest – even though I feel a bit scared to do so since I am not on track to meet some of my goals. My invitation to you is to do an honest assessment of where you are in achieving your New Year’s goals. The first step is to remember what they were! Then evaluate your progress. 2014 â€Å"Ressaylutions† and Current Status: Increase college essay / personal statement portion of my business to 25% of business. I took action on this goal but have not reached the goal (so far this year I’m at 5%; projected 10% by end of year). Actions taken: Gave interviews for an article in the Catholic Herald and another one in The Educated Mom blog. Advertised a summer program for rising high school seniors to work on college essays, but received no inquiries. Will be speaking at the NRWA Conference this week about how to write a standout college essay. I’m letting more resume writers know about my services so they know they can refer clients to me if they do not do personal statement coaching themselves. Roll out a new â€Å"responsive† (mobile-friendly) website. This project has been delayed numerous times despite starting work on a new website in December 2013. I just transitioned to a new company and I’m hoping to have a new website by the end of the year! Choose a CRM and project management system. I decided to implement Infusionsoft and I am working with an Infusionsoft expert to do it. We are plugging away and the plan is to launch the new website and the Infusionsoft functionality all at the same time. I look forward to having things run seamlessly by Q1 2015! Serve 250 clients. Last year The Essay Expert worked with 200 clients to find new jobs, get into school, and achieve business results. Total clients this year is 119. I am not on track to reach my goal. I will be looking at my lead generations strategies and expect that my new website and Infusionsoft implementation will support The Essay Expert’s expansion to a wider client base. Generate 214 success stories. I have not met this goal (we’re at 45) and will need to step up my follow-up efforts with clients to increase this number! As you can see, I am likely not going to fulfill all my Ressaylutions for 2014. However I can still use them to motivate myself to action – and I will! When I make my 2015 resolutions, I will be taking a hard look at both my successes and failures from 2014, as well as my priorities for the coming year. I hope you will too. What were your New Year’s Resolutions and have you held yourself accountable? Please share! Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinSeptember 15, 2014

How to Copy a Row in Excel VBA

How to Copy a Row in Excel VBA Using VBA to program Excel isnt as popular as it once was. However, there are still plenty of programmers who prefer it when working with Excel. If you are one of those people, this article is for you.​ Copying a row in Excel VBA is the kind of thing that Excel VBA is really useful for. For example, you may want to have one file of all your receipts with date, account, category, provider, product/service, and cost entered one line at a time, as they occur- an instance of evolving accounting rather than static accounting. To do this, you need to be able to copy a row from one worksheet to another. A sample Excel VBA program that copies a row from one worksheet to another- using only three columns for simplicity- contains: An alpha column for textA numeric column - an automatic sum is created on the target worksheetA date column - the current date and time is filled in automatically Considerations for Writing Excel VBA Code To trigger an event that copies the row, go with the standard- a Button form control. In Excel, click Insert on the Developer tab. Then, select the Button form control and draw the button where you want it. Excel automatically displays a dialog to give you a chance to select a macro triggered by the click event of the button  or to create a new one. There are several ways to find the last row in the target worksheet so the program can copy a row at the bottom. This example chooses to maintain the number of the last row in the worksheet. To maintain the number of the last row, you have to store that number somewhere. This might be a problem because the user might change or delete the number. To get around this, place it in the cell directly underneath the form button. That way, its inaccessible to the user. (The easiest thing to do is enter a value in the cell and then move the button over it.) Code to Copy a Row Using Excel VBA Sub Add_The_Line() Dim currentRow As Integer Sheets(Sheet1).Select currentRow Range(C2).Value Rows(7).Select Selection.Copy Sheets(Sheet2).Select Rows(currentRow).Select ActiveSheet.Paste Dim theDate As Date theDate Now() Cells(currentRow, 4).Value CStr(theDate) Cells(currentRow 1, 3).Activate Dim rTotalCell As Range Set rTotalCell _ Sheets(Sheet2).Cells(Rows.Count, C).End(xlUp).Offset(1, 0) rTotalCell WorksheetFunction.Sum _ (Range(C7, rTotalCell.Offset(-1, 0))) Sheets(Sheet1).Range(C2).Value currentRow 1 End Sub This code uses xlUp, a magic number, or more technically an enumerated constant, which is recognized by the End method. Offset(1,0) simply  moves up one row in the same column, so the net effect is to select the last cell in column C. In words, the statement says: Go to the last cell in column C (equivalent to EndDown Arrow).Then, go back up to the last unused cell (equivalent to the EndUp Arrow).Then, go up one more cell. The last statement updates the location of the last row. VBA is probably harder than VB.NET because you have to know both VB and Excel VBA objects. Using xlUP is a good example of the kind of specialized knowledge that is critical to being able to write VBA macros without looking up three different things for every statement you code. Microsoft has made great progress in upgrading the Visual Studio editor to help you figure out the correct syntax, but the VBA editor hasnt changed much.

Change management, leadership and motivation of Nokia Assignment

Change management, leadership and motivation of Nokia - Assignment Example Nokia has an extended history of flourishing change and innovation which helped the company to adapt the shifts in markets and technologies. From its modest beginning with one paper mill, the company has taken part in many sectors over time; paper products, tires, plastics, rubber boots, consumer and industrial electronics, chemicals, cables, telecommunications infrastructure and more. (Nokia, 2015a). The journey of Nokia began in 1865 when Fredrik Idestam started a paper mill in Southwestern Finland which was followed by another mill on the banks of river Nokianvirta which inspired him to name his company ‘Nokia AB’. Nokia’s first step into telecom industry took place in the year 1967 when it was merged with a Finnish telecom company named Finnish Cable Works Ltd. The first telecom joint venture of Nokia with Finnish TV maker Salora was the establishment of Mobira Oy, a radio telecom firm (Nokia, 2015a). Nokia created a revolution in the telecom industry with sev eral achievements such as, evolution of the first cellular telecom network named Nordic mobile telephone service; introduction of Mobira Cityman and Mobira Senator; development of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) which is used in maximum number of commercial forms of communication. After tasting success in the telecom industry, Nokia solely concentrated on manufacturing superior phones. The entire nation was thankful to Nokia and the value of the company increased 500% with a global turnover from $8.9 billion to $42.8 billion (Nokia, 2015a).

Understanding and interpreting financial statements Essay - 1

Understanding and interpreting financial statements - Essay Example report on the financial performance of Siemens, a German high tech company by comparing it with that of Nokia, one of its competitors in the industry. The value and limitations of using ratio analysis would be evaluated and accounting issues that would surface would be discussed. Recommendation to potential investors on the basis of findings from the analysis would be made accordingly, To understand the profitability of the company would lead for further understanding the rest of company’s financial report. Every business organization should aim for profitability as a way to recovering is opportunity cost of doing its business. Profitability therefore implies having more a net advantage for every business transaction for the company. Thus generally as expenses are incurred which would represent the cost, there should be corresponding benefit in terms of revenues. Deducting expenses that include cost of goods and service, cost of operation, cost of taxes and other expenses from revenues would therefore mean profit or net income from the for the company. This net income figure could also be divided with the amount of resources that the stockholders put into the business organization, would produce the return on equity (ROE). Comparing the Siemens’ ROE with Nokia and the rest of its average competitors would provide betters results of and analysis. Its five-year average return on equity (ROE) of 14% for Siemens indicates better superiority about its past performance in relation to the industry average of 8%. See Table A below and see Appendix A for more details. Such a 14% return on equity definitely entices investors, as it would mean that for every 100 euros, the investors expect returns of about 14 euros. These rates could be viewed as something scarce for a company like Siemens given the present condition of the economy (Slavin, 1996) in Europe and other parts of the world which still shows very lower GDP growth as compared with the past. See also